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As Swedish, Norwegian, Faeroese and Icelandic languages, Danish language comes from Proto-Norse one, its runic inscriptions are related to the 3d c. A. C. In the age of Vikings (about 800-1050) there occurred significant changes in the proto-language. They led to appearance of differences between East Scandinavian dialects where Danish and Swedish come from and West Scandinavian dialects where Norwegian Nynorsk, Faeroese and Icelandic languages come from.
There are 3 periods in the history of Danish: Proto-Norse language (3-9c), Old Danish (9-16c.) and New Danish (16-20c.), including Modern Danish (20c.).
The most ancient monuments to Danish, written in early runes, are related to the 9th c. The most ancient monuments in Roman alphabet are area laws: «Skånske Lov» (1203-1222) «Skånsk Kirkelov», «Valdemars sjaellandske Lov», «Absalons sjaellandske Kirkelov», «Jyske Lov» (1241), «Samling af gamle danske Love». In 1495 the first printed book in Danish went out. Some renewal of Danish language was given by the period of Reformation. An outstanding monument of that epoch language is «Christian III’s Bibel», the translation of the Bibel made in Zealand dialect that became a dominant dialect in the country as in informal speech, so in literary language. Another outstanding monument of Danish language in the middle of the 16th c. is the translation of “Historia Danica” by Saxo Grammaticus. The 16th c. was a period of a new decay in Danish language development because the language of scientists and literary men was Latin and the language of the highest circles was German and sometimes French. Among those several literary figures, working at the mother language development and improvement were A. Arrebo, C. Boarding, Thomas Kingo (died in 1730) and Peder Syv. In the beginning of the 18th c. there was a raising of the language, where the key position here belongs to Ludvig Golbert (1684-1704), who created literary Danish. A very important role in literary Danish development was played by philosopher Eilshow, an editor of “Spectator” magazine Jens Schneedorf, poets Wessel (1742-1785), Eadwald (1743-1781), J. Baggesen (1764-1826), A. Oehlenschläger (1779-1850). During the 18th and the 19th centuries there was a movement for cleaning Danish language of barbarisms, that were changed into equivalent words, borrowed from Proto-Norse language, related languages and Danish national dialects.
Translated by Viсtoria Taranenko
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